Pennock's Fiero Forum
  General Fiero Chat - Archive
  Official Build-Up... "The Reaper" (Page 2)

T H I S   I S   A N   A R C H I V E D   T O P I C
  

Email This Page to Someone! | Printable Version

This topic is 3 pages long:  1   2   3 
Previous Page | Next Page
Official Build-Up... "The Reaper" by Nebiros88
Started on: 03-28-2005 05:53 AM
Replies: 94
Last post by: exoticse on 10-05-2006 11:02 AM
Nebiros88
Member
Posts: 1394
From: Nampa, Idaho
Registered: Apr 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 59
Rate this member

Report this Post08-27-2005 07:15 PM Click Here to See the Profile for Nebiros88Click Here to visit Nebiros88's HomePageSend a Private Message to Nebiros88Direct Link to This Post
I've been working on smoothing the front clip more while I toss front end designs around in my head.

I need some opinions from everyone that checks this thread, even if you absolutely hate it, tell me your honest opinion. Just a quick sketch of one of my ideas

Thanks

IP: Logged
jscott1
Member
Posts: 21676
From: Houston, TX , USA
Registered: Dec 2001


Feedback score:    (15)
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 415
Rate this member

Report this Post08-27-2005 07:58 PM Click Here to See the Profile for jscott1Send a Private Message to jscott1Direct Link to This Post
Seriously cool. It looks like an updated version of the 1990 prototype...which is a good thing. A very good thing.
IP: Logged
Fastback 86
Member
Posts: 7849
From: Los Angeles, CA
Registered: Sep 2003


Feedback score: (1)
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 231
Rate this member

Report this Post08-27-2005 08:05 PM Click Here to See the Profile for Fastback 86Send a Private Message to Fastback 86Direct Link to This Post
Looks pretty cool, Neb. I'd check out after market ricer head lights, they have some pretty cool ones, since you're molding in new lights anyway.
IP: Logged
BobadooFunk
Member
Posts: 5436
From: Pittsburgh PA
Registered: Jun 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 128
Rate this member

Report this Post08-27-2005 08:06 PM Click Here to See the Profile for BobadooFunkClick Here to visit BobadooFunk's HomePageSend a Private Message to BobadooFunkDirect Link to This Post
hmm.. i way too partial to flip up lights, but i LOVE the rest of it. nice sketch too.

------------------

https://www.fiero.nl/forum/Forum1/HTML/050262.html "Ritalin"

IP: Logged
Nebiros88
Member
Posts: 1394
From: Nampa, Idaho
Registered: Apr 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 59
Rate this member

Report this Post08-28-2005 01:20 PM Click Here to See the Profile for Nebiros88Click Here to visit Nebiros88's HomePageSend a Private Message to Nebiros88Direct Link to This Post
*bump for the morning crowd*

73 new views and only 3 people commented? Come on people I'm not trying to pull teeth here I just want an "it sucks" "its cool" or "this is what I would change" response.

Thanks for the 3 that commented

IP: Logged
CaddyRob
Member
Posts: 646
From: belleville, ontario, canada
Registered: Sep 2002


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback

Rate this member

Report this Post08-28-2005 01:45 PM Click Here to See the Profile for CaddyRobClick Here to visit CaddyRob's HomePageSend a Private Message to CaddyRobDirect Link to This Post
That would make your car look way more up to date! I love the look, find some nice small HID projection beam lights to fit in there!
IP: Logged
IROCTAFIERO
Member
Posts: 791
From: Montgomery, Al USA
Registered: May 2005


Feedback score:    (6)
Leave feedback

Rate this member

Report this Post08-28-2005 02:13 PM Click Here to See the Profile for IROCTAFIEROSend a Private Message to IROCTAFIERODirect Link to This Post
I think it is sweet-looking
IP: Logged
dezie36
Member
Posts: 2501
From: Moved to Okemos, Mi, USA
Registered: Feb 2005


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 155
Rate this member

Report this Post08-28-2005 02:50 PM Click Here to See the Profile for dezie36Send a Private Message to dezie36Direct Link to This Post
TOO cool for words!!!
Love that front end!
IP: Logged
Formula
Member
Posts: 5341
From:
Registered: Jul 99


Feedback score: (2)
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 96
Rate this member

Report this Post08-28-2005 03:21 PM Click Here to See the Profile for FormulaSend a Private Message to FormulaDirect Link to This Post
comment
IP: Logged
Codeman
Member
Posts: 47
From: Windsor, ON
Registered: Feb 2005


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback

Rate this member

Report this Post08-28-2005 03:33 PM Click Here to See the Profile for CodemanSend a Private Message to CodemanDirect Link to This Post
definately cool!
IP: Logged
Zreon
Member
Posts: 169
From: Orlando, Fl, USA
Registered: Apr 2005


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback

Rate this member

Report this Post08-28-2005 06:17 PM Click Here to See the Profile for ZreonSend a Private Message to ZreonDirect Link to This Post
That is a very sweet looking front end. Keep us updated with your progress and ideas.
IP: Logged
PFF
System Bot
MstangsBware
Member
Posts: 11509
From: TEXAS
Registered: Mar 2002


Feedback score:    (108)
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 459
Rate this member

Report this Post08-28-2005 06:31 PM Click Here to See the Profile for MstangsBwareSend a Private Message to MstangsBwareDirect Link to This Post
Just get the car running and back on the road already. Besides that, its looking good.
IP: Logged
exoticse
Member
Posts: 8654
From: Orlando, Fl
Registered: Jun 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 108
Rate this member

Report this Post09-04-2005 06:55 PM Click Here to See the Profile for exoticseSend a Private Message to exoticseDirect Link to This Post
Nebiros88

Since you have that blank canvas to fool around with,.....

Why not carve out something like this up front ?

Or this ?

[This message has been edited by exoticse (edited 09-04-2005).]

IP: Logged
Grim001
Member
Posts: 273
From: Lompoc CA
Registered: Mar 2005


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback

Rate this member

Report this Post09-06-2005 01:03 AM Click Here to See the Profile for Grim001Send a Private Message to Grim001Direct Link to This Post
The front end looks kinda camero ish with a little ricer thrown in on the headlights. Can you get just a bit more radical? I do like the head lights, what are they?
IP: Logged
exoticse
Member
Posts: 8654
From: Orlando, Fl
Registered: Jun 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 108
Rate this member

Report this Post09-06-2005 01:44 AM Click Here to See the Profile for exoticseSend a Private Message to exoticseDirect Link to This Post

Not sure not my drawings.

IP: Logged
Custom2M4
Member
Posts: 4414
From: Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
Registered: Sep 2004


Feedback score: (3)
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 114
Rate this member

Report this Post09-23-2005 01:17 AM Click Here to See the Profile for Custom2M4Send a Private Message to Custom2M4Direct Link to This Post
BUMP update, as I sit here.... I know that I am not "allowed" to go out and play with my fiero for a bit because of doctors orders.. I was rushed to the hospital last night from chest pains, so the medication doesn't allow me to play.. So you better get out there and work damn it!

Please hit us up with some updates! I love what you were doing with the front end.. Plus these drawings gave me some more ideas, so + for you. And I believe I gave the original guy one as well, but I didn't save the pics so thanks! BUMPIT UP

------------------

Custom Fiero Fiberglass

IP: Logged
Nebiros88
Member
Posts: 1394
From: Nampa, Idaho
Registered: Apr 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 59
Rate this member

Report this Post10-21-2005 08:28 PM Click Here to See the Profile for Nebiros88Click Here to visit Nebiros88's HomePageSend a Private Message to Nebiros88Direct Link to This Post
Thanks for the bump sorry it has taken me so long to update.

Well after smoothing out the front a bit more, I now have to decide what to do for airflow.

While some of these designs are nice, I am a person for function above form. It may look nice, but if it isn't based around the fiero aerodynamics it is worthless because it alters the coefficient of drag.

So after a little research, I am going to throw an idea out there and see what flack I get for it.
Fiero Aerodynamics:

Front end air tunnel:

By now everyone is familiar with Norm's front end hood vent. It tucks down around the radiator to direct the air straight from the fan out. I will incorporate this in my front end, but the radiator piece will be attached to the radiator, it would be formed to meet up at the underside of the cowl hood, where there will be a seal to close it up against the "mouth" of the cowl. Below the radiator a similar piece would be made but reversed and attached to a flat panel under the nose. (Much like the stock air flap underneath the aero fascias, but oversized)

So the thought is to eliminate all front holes, like it is now in:

And make the bottom side of the nose the main radiator feed.

Why do this? Idaho requires a front plate... So what?

So half if not 3/4 of your airflow is blocked...

The question is... how vital to airflow/cooling properties are those 2" tall by 6" wide holes on each side of the plate?

Thanks.... sorry if this doesn’t make much sense, I had it all typed out and perfectly worded, then I accidentally hit the back button on the side of my mouse and it wiped it all out so I just pieced together a bit of what I remembered.

[This message has been edited by Nebiros88 (edited 10-21-2005).]

IP: Logged
Fastback 86
Member
Posts: 7849
From: Los Angeles, CA
Registered: Sep 2003


Feedback score: (1)
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 231
Rate this member

Report this Post10-22-2005 01:35 AM Click Here to See the Profile for Fastback 86Send a Private Message to Fastback 86Direct Link to This Post
Heh heh, that reminds me of the time I tried to explain the airflow thing to a CHP officer. He laughed and told me that that was a new one and that I'd just have to figure something out. CA requires a front plate too, so he gave me a fix it ticket. The plate was back on the car long enough to get the ticket signed off.

What are you gonna do for turn signals?

IP: Logged
Nebiros88
Member
Posts: 1394
From: Nampa, Idaho
Registered: Apr 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 59
Rate this member

Report this Post10-22-2005 01:51 AM Click Here to See the Profile for Nebiros88Click Here to visit Nebiros88's HomePageSend a Private Message to Nebiros88Direct Link to This Post
This is one option I am looking into

[This message has been edited by Nebiros88 (edited 10-22-2005).]

IP: Logged
Nebiros88
Member
Posts: 1394
From: Nampa, Idaho
Registered: Apr 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 59
Rate this member

Report this Post10-22-2005 11:31 AM Click Here to See the Profile for Nebiros88Click Here to visit Nebiros88's HomePageSend a Private Message to Nebiros88Direct Link to This Post

Nebiros88

1394 posts
Member since Apr 2003
Over 100 people viewed this in the last few hours and no one has any airflow insight? Not everyone is just cutting holes and bolting on scoops here and there for looks are they?

[This message has been edited by Nebiros88 (edited 10-22-2005).]

IP: Logged
F-I-E-R-O
Member
Posts: 8410
From: Endwell, NY
Registered: Jan 2005


Feedback score:    (17)
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 294
Rate this member

Report this Post10-22-2005 12:37 PM Click Here to See the Profile for F-I-E-R-OSend a Private Message to F-I-E-R-ODirect Link to This Post
Sorry, just got here... The only thing I can add is this from my collection of favorite concept ideas (yes, yours is in there too!) ...

IP: Logged
PFF
System Bot
Nebiros88
Member
Posts: 1394
From: Nampa, Idaho
Registered: Apr 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 59
Rate this member

Report this Post10-22-2005 03:33 PM Click Here to See the Profile for Nebiros88Click Here to visit Nebiros88's HomePageSend a Private Message to Nebiros88Direct Link to This Post
So does everyone think it would look better with a mouth?
IP: Logged
Mulholland_GT_Racer
Member
Posts: 387
From: Iowa City, IA USA
Registered: Aug 2005


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback

Rate this member

Report this Post10-22-2005 03:44 PM Click Here to See the Profile for Mulholland_GT_RacerSend a Private Message to Mulholland_GT_RacerDirect Link to This Post
hrm...

I honestly would mold in NSX type R lights into the factory light housings and retain the HID setup. But that might not work..

I would like to see the lights up a bit higher... and I believe it would look better and work better with a mouth.
If you hadn't done the slight cowl effect with the hood, I would've done a GT40-ish kind of hood scoop. Maybe go with popups, except extremely low-profile pop up lights with 2 projectors per light.

I think the concept is pretty cool as is, what I'd really love to see on the rear end is some 911-style widened fenders on the rear.
Not really IMSA widebodied, but just bulged and flared.

I love what you're doing with it, though.

-Mulholland GT

------------------
1986 GT Getrag 5-speed

MULHOLLAND GT

IP: Logged
Mulholland_GT_Racer
Member
Posts: 387
From: Iowa City, IA USA
Registered: Aug 2005


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback

Rate this member

Report this Post10-22-2005 03:45 PM Click Here to See the Profile for Mulholland_GT_RacerSend a Private Message to Mulholland_GT_RacerDirect Link to This Post

Mulholland_GT_Racer

387 posts
Member since Aug 2005
 
quote
Originally posted by F-I-E-R-O:

Sorry, just got here... The only thing I can add is this from my collection of favorite concept ideas (yes, yours is in there too!) ...

I like most of it, except the mouth and lower front end.

-Mulholland GT

------------------
1986 GT Getrag 5-speed

MULHOLLAND GT

IP: Logged
theratdude64
Member
Posts: 236
From: Ogden, UT USA
Registered: Sep 2005


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback

Rate this member

Report this Post10-23-2005 12:25 AM Click Here to See the Profile for theratdude64Send a Private Message to theratdude64Direct Link to This Post
Wow, I really like that drawing. Howd you do that nicely lol, looks awesome. Kinda looks like a pissed off saturn though lol, but Me likey

------------------

IP: Logged
doublec4
Member
Posts: 8289
From: Oakville, Ontario, Canada
Registered: Jun 2003


Feedback score:    (20)
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 150
Rate this member

Report this Post10-23-2005 12:54 AM Click Here to See the Profile for doublec4Send a Private Message to doublec4Direct Link to This Post
 
quote
Originally posted by F-I-E-R-O:

Sorry, just got here... The only thing I can add is this from my collection of favorite concept ideas (yes, yours is in there too!) ...

I did that photoshop a long time ago

The original car that is in the upper left hand corner is hard to see but there were a lot of things I didn't like about it. I just changed a bunch of things to try and make it look more "proportional".

------------------

IP: Logged
F-I-E-R-O
Member
Posts: 8410
From: Endwell, NY
Registered: Jan 2005


Feedback score:    (17)
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 294
Rate this member

Report this Post10-23-2005 02:08 AM Click Here to See the Profile for F-I-E-R-OSend a Private Message to F-I-E-R-ODirect Link to This Post
Any idea where those hood vents came from? It sure would save me a lot of time having something like that put together already rather than having to make it...
IP: Logged
theratdude64
Member
Posts: 236
From: Ogden, UT USA
Registered: Sep 2005


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback

Rate this member

Report this Post10-23-2005 03:25 AM Click Here to See the Profile for theratdude64Send a Private Message to theratdude64Direct Link to This Post
I actually meant the one that looks hand drawn at the top of the thread, but your's is pretty cool too.

------------------

IP: Logged
Fie Ro
Member
Posts: 3735
From: Soest, The Netherlands
Registered: Sep 2001


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 132
Rate this member

Report this Post10-23-2005 01:30 PM Click Here to See the Profile for Fie RoSend a Private Message to Fie RoDirect Link to This Post
I think you need more airflow for cooling the radiator...

and some flush lights would be cool too...
IP: Logged
bubbajoexxx
Member
Posts: 1630
From: Ontario Canada
Registered: Aug 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 112
Rate this member

Report this Post10-23-2005 08:06 PM Click Here to See the Profile for bubbajoexxxClick Here to visit bubbajoexxx's HomePageSend a Private Message to bubbajoexxxDirect Link to This Post
 
quote
Originally posted by Fie Ro:

I think you need more airflow for cooling the radiator...

and some flush lights would be cool too...

this is good but would look better with the pontiac v split in the center

IP: Logged
Nebiros88
Member
Posts: 1394
From: Nampa, Idaho
Registered: Apr 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 59
Rate this member

Report this Post10-23-2005 11:24 PM Click Here to See the Profile for Nebiros88Click Here to visit Nebiros88's HomePageSend a Private Message to Nebiros88Direct Link to This Post
Problem still lies in the fact that I have to run a front plate on this car (hence my hand drawing at the top with the 2 side mouths)

The Aero fascia with a front plate allows very little air flow stock. (see picture above)

IP: Logged
PFF
System Bot
Custom2M4
Member
Posts: 4414
From: Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
Registered: Sep 2004


Feedback score: (3)
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 114
Rate this member

Report this Post10-24-2005 12:10 AM Click Here to See the Profile for Custom2M4Send a Private Message to Custom2M4Direct Link to This Post
put it in that grill and make 2 more on the sides... Your method only has 2 grills.. why not make a 3rd and cover a bit of it.
IP: Logged
bubbajoexxx
Member
Posts: 1630
From: Ontario Canada
Registered: Aug 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 112
Rate this member

Report this Post10-24-2005 08:56 AM Click Here to See the Profile for bubbajoexxxClick Here to visit bubbajoexxx's HomePageSend a Private Message to bubbajoexxxDirect Link to This Post
 
quote
Originally posted by Nebiros88:

Problem still lies in the fact that I have to run a front plate on this car (hence my hand drawing at the top with the 2 side mouths)

The Aero fascia with a front plate allows very little air flow stock. (see picture above)

mount the plate to the right of the opening as i did with my green beast

IP: Logged
smartaxel
Member
Posts: 2823
From: Michigan
Registered: Feb 2002


Feedback score:    (15)
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 83
Rate this member

Report this Post10-24-2005 11:45 AM Click Here to See the Profile for smartaxelClick Here to visit smartaxel's HomePageSend a Private Message to smartaxelDirect Link to This Post
Definitely needs a mouth of some sort. It would look to "blah" without it. Those Fiero GT sketches above are cool... the one with the smooth front end would look pretty good, in my opinion
IP: Logged
Jncomutt
Member
Posts: 8902
From: Charlotte, NC
Registered: Apr 2001


Feedback score: (3)
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 221
Rate this member

Report this Post10-24-2005 12:34 PM Click Here to See the Profile for JncomuttSend a Private Message to JncomuttDirect Link to This Post
Why not make your front bumper how u want, and use something like this to mount your license plate??

https://www.fiero.nl/forum/Forum1/HTML/053021.html

Then you could always unbolt the bracket when you don't want/need the plate on there. You wouldn't have to compromise your designs this way.

IP: Logged
cheetah
Member
Posts: 190
From: NW Indiana
Registered: May 2004


Feedback score: (1)
Leave feedback

Rate this member

Report this Post11-23-2005 10:43 AM Click Here to See the Profile for cheetahClick Here to visit cheetah's HomePageSend a Private Message to cheetahDirect Link to This Post
I am not sure the cowl hood is the best for our plans to relieve the pressure under the hood. A cowl works well on front engine vehicles because the lower windshield area is a high-pressure zone. Air is sucked in to the engine that way. We want the opening of the scoop to be a low-pressure area, to pull the air through the radiator and out quickly.

I think the cowl looks much better though, so let me hear peoples thoughts on it.

IP: Logged
exoticse
Member
Posts: 8654
From: Orlando, Fl
Registered: Jun 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 108
Rate this member

Report this Post11-28-2005 01:15 AM Click Here to See the Profile for exoticseSend a Private Message to exoticseDirect Link to This Post
Ideas you say ?

Hmmmmmm ??

[This message has been edited by exoticse (edited 11-28-2005).]

IP: Logged
FastIndyFiero
Member
Posts: 2546
From: Wichita, KS
Registered: Aug 2002


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 70
Rate this member

Report this Post11-28-2005 03:08 AM Click Here to See the Profile for FastIndyFieroClick Here to visit FastIndyFiero's HomePageSend a Private Message to FastIndyFieroDirect Link to This Post
Okay, how about a center tunnel with Warber style hood venting for the radiator?

Have a very low profile open bottom inlet, centered in the front fascia. The top of the inlet should be perfectly horizontal at first, then slowly tapering up towards the top of the radiator, with enclosed side walls as well. Then, add a small bottom lip extending from the bottom of the radiator, extending forward about 10", to about 1-2 inches below the rest of the front fascia and 1-2" , in a slight semi-circle to catch the air and direct it towards the radiator.

Here's my pic...
http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v87/FastIndy/Inlet.jpg

Edit: Eh...N/M. I see you already were talking about this.

Nate
------------------

My Web page | The Turbo Super Duty Build.
You know that little voice that says it can't be done? I duct-taped mine's mouth shut and pushed it down a flight of stairs.

[This message has been edited by FastIndyFiero (edited 11-28-2005).]

IP: Logged
Nebiros88
Member
Posts: 1394
From: Nampa, Idaho
Registered: Apr 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 59
Rate this member

Report this Post11-29-2005 07:38 PM Click Here to See the Profile for Nebiros88Click Here to visit Nebiros88's HomePageSend a Private Message to Nebiros88Direct Link to This Post
Wow... I didn’t even realize that this was bumped yesterday.

Plans have slowed recently... between driving to visit my girlfriend every other weekend, working almost full time, and still going to college it doesn’t leave me with much fiero time. That and I came down with strep throat the only week I had off from school for Thanksgiving.

Things are starting back up though, I have this week off from work, this is my week off from visiting my girlfriend, so I should have some time to get out and get some projects well on the way.

Indy, that’s exactly what I had planned for the front is to basically seal the radiator to the cowl so the fan forces the air out, and scoop up fresh air from under the car... and despite what some people may say, I have taped pieces of yarn to the underside lip of the cowl next to the windshield and they flutter just as I had planned...

Exoticse, thanks for the ideas, the more I look at that front end the more I like it and I think I could work that into a form that would be great for my car.

Thanks for the support... I may eventually make my t-top headliner public so stay tuned
Also in the works - new more exotic back bumper, deck lid vent, side scoops...and a wide body

IP: Logged
Nebiros88
Member
Posts: 1394
From: Nampa, Idaho
Registered: Apr 2003


Feedback score: N/A
Leave feedback





Total ratings: 59
Rate this member

Report this Post01-17-2006 06:32 PM Click Here to See the Profile for Nebiros88Click Here to visit Nebiros88's HomePageSend a Private Message to Nebiros88Direct Link to This Post
I decided to bump this with the details of the final body design... I followed a few people's advice with enhancing the fieros current looks rather then making some odd looking half-breed mistake. Took a few minutes today and sketched my final design.

I present... "The Reaper" (modified mouth, modified front turn signal area - not used for turn signals, front finned vent, one piece front with projector headlights, functional cowl extraction scoop, wide body starting at the front of the doors, back to a 2" wider rear on each side, a rounded out notchback, relocated gas filler, HHR tail lights, smoothed trim)

I got things lined out a lot better then when I first started this project... The front end pictured a ways above (plastered together front end) has been broken apart and started over so the I could do the process right this time and make a more quality plug.

So there she is...... any thoughts?

I plan on running 17x8 38mm offset in the front... and 18x10 38mm offset in the rear... deep dish anyone?

IP: Logged
Previous Page | Next Page

This topic is 3 pages long:  1   2   3 


All times are ET (US)

T H I S   I S   A N   A R C H I V E D   T O P I C
  

Contact Us | Back To Main Page

Advertizing on PFF | Fiero Parts Vendors
PFF Merchandise | Fiero Gallery
Real-Time Chat | Fiero Related Auctions on eBay



Copyright (c) 1999, C. Pennock